Extra dural hematoma (EDH)

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Extradural hematoma (EDH), also known as an epidural hematoma, is a collection of blood that forms between the inner surface of the skull and outer layer of the dura, which is called the endosteal layer. They are usually associated with a history of head trauma and frequently associated skull fracture. The source of bleeding is usually arterial, most commonly from a torn middle meningeal artery. EDHs are typically biconvex in shape and can cause a mass effect with herniation. They are usually limited by cranial sutures, but not by venous sinuses. Both CT and MRI are suitable to evaluate EDHs. When the blood clot is evacuated promptly (or treated conservatively when small), the prognosis of EDHs is generally good. Intracranial venous extradural hemorrhages and spinal epidural hemorrhages are discussed separately.

Sub dural hematoma (SDH)

A subdural hematoma is a type of bleed inside your head. More precisely, it is a type of bleed that occurs within the skull of head but outside the actual brain tissue. The brain has three membranes layers or coverings (called meninges) that lay between the bony skull and the actual brain tissue. The purpose of the meninges is to cover and protect the brain. If you have a subdural hematoma, you have experienced a tear in a blood vessel, most commonly a vein, and blood is leaking out of the torn vessel into the space below the dura mater membrane layer. This space is called the subdural space because it is below the dura. Bleeding into this space is called a subdural hemorrhage. Other names for subdural hematoma are subdural hemorrhage or intracranial hematoma. More broadly, it is also a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Contusion

Contusion. A bruise on the actual brain itself is called a contusion. It can cause bleeding and swelling. A concussion or other head injury can also happen when two athletes collide or a player is hit in the head with a piece of sporting equipment. In soccer, even "heading" the ball can cause a concussion. Among the sports-related activities that cause the highest number of head injuries for all ages:

• Cycling
• Football
• Basketball
• Baseball and softball
• Riding powered recreational vehicles such as dune buggies, go-karts, and mini bikes

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a form of traumatic brain injury. It happens when the brain rapidly shifts inside the skull as an injury is occurring. The long connecting fibers in the brain called axons are sheared as the brain rapidly accelerates and decelerates inside the hard bone of the skull. DAI typically causes injury to many part of the brain, and people who suffer a DAI are usually left in a coma. The changes in the brain are often very tiny and can be difficult to detect using CT or MRI scans. It is one of the most common types of traumatic brain injury and also one of the most devastating.
symptoms-
The prevailing symptom of DAI is loss of consciousness. This typically lasts six or more hours. If the DAI is mild, then people might remain conscious but display other signs of brain damage. These symptoms can be extremely varied, as they depend upon which area of the brain has been damaged. They can include:

• disorientation or confusion
• headache
• nausea or vomiting
• drowsiness or fatigue
• trouble sleeping
• sleeping longer than normal
• loss of balance or dizziness

Penetrating injury

Penetrating trauma is an injury that occurs when an object pierces the skin and enters a tissue of the body, creating an open wound. (In blunt, or non-penetrating trauma, there may be an impact, but the skin is not necessarily broken.) The penetrating object may remain in the tissues, come back out the way it entered, or pass through the tissues and exit from another area. An injury in which an object enters the body or a structure and passes all the way through is called a perforating injury, while penetrating trauma implies that the object does not pass through. Perforating trauma is associated with an entrance wound and an often larger exit wound. Penetrating trauma can be caused by a foreign object or by fragments of a broken bone. Usually occurring in violent crime or armed combat, penetrating injuries are commonly caused by gunshots and stabbings. Penetrating trauma can be serious because it can damage internal organs and presents a risk of shock and infection. The severity of the injury varies widely depending on the body parts involved, the characteristics of the penetrating object, and the amount of energy transmitted to the tissues.

CSF fistula

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury and also serves as a nutrient delivery and waste removal system for the brain. CSF is manufactured continuously in areas of the brain called ventricles and is absorbed by the bloodstream.
What is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak occurs when CSF escapes through a small tear or hole in the outermost layer of connective tissue (called the dura mater) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and holds in the CSF. The tear or hole allows the CSF to leak out. The loss of CSF causes the previously cushioned brain to sag inside the skull, which results in a headache. Loss of fluid also causes a lowering of pressure within the skull, a condition called intracranial hypotension.